When you are vote kicked you will be kicked out of that game as if you paused and pressed quit. In other words, you can go right back into that server after being kicked.

I've never been vote kicked, but I get kicked a lot for losing my connection to the network.

You can also be kicked for excessive team killing if the creator of the server set it on. I was screwing around with my friend, just blowing each other up (we were on the same team in an unranked match) and we got kicked for excessive team killing.

It seems nobody uses the vote system. I will usually only check it while I'm waiting to respawn, but if I notice a troublesome player during the game I'll go see if there is a vote on him yet.